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On a random basis, half of the subjects were assigned the role of "guard (nine plus three potential substitutes)," and half were assigned to the role of prisoner (also nine plus three potential substitutes). The group of subjects was intentionally selected to exclude those with criminal backgrounds, psychological impairments, or medical problems. The applicants were predominantly white, middle-class, and appeared to be psychologically stable and healthy. For further information and applications, come to room 248 Jordan Hall, Stanford University.ħ5 men applied, and after screening assessments and interviews, 24 were selected to participate in a two-week prison simulation.
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$15 per day for 1–2 weeks, beginning Aug. Male college students needed for psychological study of prison life. Newspaper clipping of recruiting ad for Stanford Prison ExperimentĪfter receiving approval from the university to conduct the experiment, study participants were recruited using an ad in the "help wanted" section of the Palo Alto Times and The Stanford Daily newspapers in August 1971: The United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps wanted to investigate conflict between military guards and prisoners. The study was funded by the US Office of Naval Research to understand anti-social behaviour. "I had been conducting research for some years on deindividuation, vandalism and dehumanization that illustrated the ease with which ordinary people could be led to engage in anti-social acts by putting them in situations where they felt anonymous, or they could perceive of others in ways that made them less than human, as enemies or objects," Zimbardo told the Toronto symposium in the summer of 1996. Zimbardo's primary reason for conducting the experiment was to focus on the power of roles, rules, symbols, group identity and situational validation of behavior that generally would repulse ordinary individuals. Ī 1997 article from the Stanford News Service described the experiment goal in a more detailed way: To do this, we decided to set up a simulated prison and then carefully note the effects of this institution on the behavior of all those within its walls. We wanted to see what the psychological effects were of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. The official website of the Stanford Prison Experiment describes the experiment goal as follows: On August 21, 1971, the day after SPE ended, six people died in an escape attempt and prison riot inside San Quentin State Prison. While SPE cannot ethically be replicated, actual prisons can see even more intense abuse and conflict between guards. After debriefing with his "guards" and "prisoners", Zimbardo analyzed the data and published his findings. The study was cancelled six days later on August 20. Some guards exhibited abusive behavior toward prisoners, which led Zimbardo, at the urging of Christina Maslach, to stop the experiment before it was due to conclude. The experiment began with prisoners being arrested in their own neighborhoods by real Palo Alto police. The first official day of the experiment was August 15, 1971. Certain portions of it were filmed, and excerpts of footage are publicly available. The US Office of Naval Research funded the experiment as an investigation into behavior. The day before the experiment began, Zimbardo's team coached the "guards" about their roles and what was (and was not) acceptable for them to do to "prisoners." One recurring criticism of the SPE is that participants were biased in their behavior based on demand characteristics. The experiment's findings have been called into question, and the experiment has been criticized for unscientific methodology. In 2019, the American Psychological Association advised of "the need for teachers and textbook authors to both revise and repurpose the coverage of the SPE in their classes and textbooks, respectively". The experiment was described in many introductory social psychology textbooks, although some exclude it due to concerns about its methodology and ethics. However, the experiment's scientific validity has now been discredited and its methods described as "deeply flawed", and "a lie". The controversial experiment gained a large amount of publicity over the ensuing decades. Stanford psychology professor Philip Zimbardo led the research team who conducted the experiment. It was intended to examine the effects of situational variables on participants' reactions and behaviors, in a two-week simulation of a prison environment. The Stanford prison experiment ( SPE) was a role-play and simulation, held at Stanford University in summer 1971. Plaque at the location of the Stanford prison experiment